The Great Firewall of China is hardly impregnable.
Just as Mongol invaders could not be stopped by the Great Wall, Chinese citizens have found ways to circumvent the sophisticated Internet censorship systems designed to restrict them.
They are using a variety of tools to evade government filters and to reach the wide-open Web that the Chinese government deems dangerous - sites like YouTube, Facebook and, if Google makes good on its threat to withdraw from China, Google.cn.
It's difficult to say precisely how many people in China engage in acts of digital disobedience. But college students in China and activists around the world say the number has been growing even since the government stepped up efforts to "cleanse" the Web during the Beijing Olympics and the Communist regime's 60th anniversary last year.
As part of that purge, the Chinese government shut down access to everything from pornography sites to blogs, online video sites, Facebook and Twitter.
While only a small percentage of Chinese use these tools to sidestep government filters, the ease with which they can do it illustrates the difficulty any government faces in enforcing the type of strict censorship that was possible only a few years ago.
Jason Ng, a Chinese engineering school graduate who will say only that he works in the media business, wakes every day at 8:30 a.m., and then begins his virtual travels through an open, global network by fanqiang, or "scaling the wall." He connects to an overseas computer with a link, called a proxy server, that he set up himself. It costs 15 yuan, or $2, a month to share with about two dozen other friends.
Ng then works on his blog and checks the news on Google Reader and Twitter to "officially start my day of information." Chinese citizens engaged in such practices say the government rarely cracks down on them individually, preferring instead to target high-profile dissidents who publish information about forbidden topics online.
As a result, college students, human rights activists, bloggers, journalists and even multinational corporations in China are rushing to use tools that go over or around barriers set up by Chinese regulators, in part because they feel it is the only way to participate in a global online community.
Isaac Mao, a well known blogger and activist in China, says the number of people seeking access to blocked sites has grown as more and more popular Web sites have been shut down by Beijing.
These digital dissidents have begun to organize small conferences and networks to share information and tricks about how to get access to banned material. "People start to hold a grudge against the government for depriving them of access to the Web sites they regularly visit," Mao says.
But as the government has expanded its control over Internet, it has also intensified efforts to close some of the channels being used to evade the online blockade. The result has been a technological game of cat and mouse between the Chinese government and a global contingent fighting for online freedoms.
AnchorFree, a start-up based in Sunnyvale, Calif., has built a profitable business by providing free, advertising-supported software called Hotspot Shield that tunnels about 7.5 million people around the world into the Internet by encrypting Internet users' data and cloaking their identity.
But last summer, the Chinese government blocked AnchorFree's Web site so that Chinese citizens could no longer download the software. Almost immediately, its users began e-mailing their own copies of the program to friends and posting links to other sites that hosted it. The program's use in China has doubled since then, said David Gorodyansky, AnchorFree's founder.
Other censorship-evading tools have been created by non-profit companies trying to combat authoritarian governments, and by former Chinese citizens who, in many cases, want to help fellow members of persecuted minority groups still in the country.
Several such tools were created by a group called GIF, or Global Internet Freedom. It was founded in 1999 by members of the Falun Gong sect living in the United States as a way to get unfettered information about their practice into the country by e-mail. About a million people in China use the service, which is maintained by about 50 volunteers around the world.
Users must download the GIF programs and then every time they use servers, find the IP addresses, or online coordinates, of servers around the world. GIF volunteers try to distribute these coordinates through a multitude of channels, like instant messaging services.
David Tian, a NASA engineer in Maryland who says he works harder at night on GIF than he does during the day on weather satellites, says that officials from the Chinese government have begun posing as GIF users, so they can intercept those IP addresses and block them. In turn, GIF volunteers work to identify these government officials and track them, so they can keep the information out of their hands.
An even bigger challenge, Tian said, is keeping up with rapidly growing demand for the service from countries like China and Iran. "The bottleneck is not their firewall, it's our capacity," he said. "We have to limit bandwidth to what we can afford, so when there are a lot of users, some have to wait."
Many of these organizations are hoping the U.S. government will help out with money. Since the 2008 budget year, Congress has appropriated nearly $50 million for tools that encourage "Internet freedom," though only a small portion of that money has yet been handed out.
One problem, says Michael J. Horowitz, a fellow at the Hudson Institute, a conservative think tank, is that that the federal government appears reluctant to pay for efforts associated with groups that alienate the Chinese government.
"Many of these guys are Falun Gong practitioners and the State Department doesn't want to aggravate China," he said. "China goes more nuclear at the mention of Falun Gong than any other two words in the whole dictionary."
Despite these bureaucratic battles, people on the side of greater Internet freedoms in the ongoing fight against Big Brother say the battlefield is inherently tilted in their favor.
"The architecture of the Internet makes our work easier," said Bill Xia, a U.S.-based programmer whose software tools, including DynaWeb and FreeGate, are used by hundreds of thousands of people in China every day to access forbidden sites. "The starting point of the Internet is open networks. Everybody can publish and receive data, and unless they want to shut down the whole Internet, we have the advantage."
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