The Spam-Slinging Habits of China's Internet Water Army
If the term "Internet troll" conjures up unintimidating images of
angry, acne-faced computer geeks, the phrase "Internet water army" just
sounds horrifying, like a force of besuited villains from a graphic
novel. In reality, it's not that scary, but the continually booming
business for paid spammers and mission-driven trolls is definitely
unsettling.
A team of researchers at the University of Victoria coined the term for a comprehensive study on hidden paid posters: Battling the Internet Water Army. These strategic commenters (think: trolls with salaries) often work for public relations firms, competitive companies and possibly even the military. We talked with Professor Kui Wu, one of the paper's co-authors and a faculty member at the University of Victoria, and he explained that the initial idea for the study on paid posters actually came from a student, Cheng Chen, who had worked locally as a paid comment poster. Suspecting that the practice might be widespread and potentially influential on popular sites, Wu and Chen went about collecting data with the help of their colleague Venkatesh Srinivasan and Peking University's Xudong Zhang in Beijing. China proved to be the best country to focus on because of its huge population and high number of Internet users.
The team of computer scientists looked for patterns that might indicate paid posting, though Wu was careful to say they hadn't found a way to definitely prove which comments were paid and which were not. With a sample size of over 500 users and 20,000 comments from the news sites Sina.com as well as 200 users and over 1,000 comments from Sohu.com, their findings revealed a markedly high rate of paid comments on these sites, but since they weren't able to track comments posted from smartphones — evidently all mobile posts show up under the same username — they weren't able to determine exactly how many of the comments came from paid posters. But it's a lot. "Frankly we have no idea how many people are in the army; it's probably very big," Wu told The Atlantic Wire. "This is a kind of underground business."
Wu went on to explain that they suspected the practice was also widespread. Pointing to The Guardian's coverage of a United States military operations to target social media with fake online personas, he suspects that North America was a likely outpost for the Internet water army, setting up the suggestion that the U.S. Army might even be supporting the practice. They plan to expand the scope of the research but for not it's still in the early stages. They haven't been able to trace the activity to specific users very well — they do know that there are clandestine companies that support the practice — but the behavior patterns of the paid posters are fascinating and might help cyber security firms build better spam-catching software. MIT's Technology Review explains:
Unfortunately, it gets worse. As we learned from Gawker's Hamilton Nolan and the case of the cash for links practices of some marketing agencies, this kind of paid information twisting is becoming increasingly common not just amongst commenters but bloggers themselves, and there's nothing we can do about it — unless you're a blogger, in which case you should just use common sense. In some ways, paid content is inevitable. To use Nolan's phrase: "Advertisers want to advertise. They don't particularly care about ethical journalism; it's not their job."
A team of researchers at the University of Victoria coined the term for a comprehensive study on hidden paid posters: Battling the Internet Water Army. These strategic commenters (think: trolls with salaries) often work for public relations firms, competitive companies and possibly even the military. We talked with Professor Kui Wu, one of the paper's co-authors and a faculty member at the University of Victoria, and he explained that the initial idea for the study on paid posters actually came from a student, Cheng Chen, who had worked locally as a paid comment poster. Suspecting that the practice might be widespread and potentially influential on popular sites, Wu and Chen went about collecting data with the help of their colleague Venkatesh Srinivasan and Peking University's Xudong Zhang in Beijing. China proved to be the best country to focus on because of its huge population and high number of Internet users.
The team of computer scientists looked for patterns that might indicate paid posting, though Wu was careful to say they hadn't found a way to definitely prove which comments were paid and which were not. With a sample size of over 500 users and 20,000 comments from the news sites Sina.com as well as 200 users and over 1,000 comments from Sohu.com, their findings revealed a markedly high rate of paid comments on these sites, but since they weren't able to track comments posted from smartphones — evidently all mobile posts show up under the same username — they weren't able to determine exactly how many of the comments came from paid posters. But it's a lot. "Frankly we have no idea how many people are in the army; it's probably very big," Wu told The Atlantic Wire. "This is a kind of underground business."
Wu went on to explain that they suspected the practice was also widespread. Pointing to The Guardian's coverage of a United States military operations to target social media with fake online personas, he suspects that North America was a likely outpost for the Internet water army, setting up the suggestion that the U.S. Army might even be supporting the practice. They plan to expand the scope of the research but for not it's still in the early stages. They haven't been able to trace the activity to specific users very well — they do know that there are clandestine companies that support the practice — but the behavior patterns of the paid posters are fascinating and might help cyber security firms build better spam-catching software. MIT's Technology Review explains:
They discovered that paid posters tend to post more new comments than replies to other comments. They also post more often with 50 per cent of them posting every 2.5 minutes on average. They also move on from a discussion more quickly than legitimate users, discarding their IDs and never using them again.So just in case you weren't worried enough about the drone takeover, Wu says it will take some time to figure out how to tell the difference between genuine users and paid spam soldiers. "It's very hard to prove unless the user admits he is a paid poster," Wu said.
What's more, the content they post is measurably different. These workers are paid by the volume and so often take shortcuts, cutting and pasting the same content many times. This would normally invalidate their posts but only if it is spotted by the quality control team.
Unfortunately, it gets worse. As we learned from Gawker's Hamilton Nolan and the case of the cash for links practices of some marketing agencies, this kind of paid information twisting is becoming increasingly common not just amongst commenters but bloggers themselves, and there's nothing we can do about it — unless you're a blogger, in which case you should just use common sense. In some ways, paid content is inevitable. To use Nolan's phrase: "Advertisers want to advertise. They don't particularly care about ethical journalism; it's not their job."
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Adam Clark Estes
Adam Clark Estes
Sources
- Battling the Internet Water Army: Detection of Hidden Paid Posters, Cheng Chen, Kui Wu, Venkatesh Srinivasa and Xudong Zhang, arxiv.org
- Revealed: US spy operation that manipulates social media, Nick Fielding and Ian Cobain, The Guardian
- Undercover Researchers Expose Chinese Internet Water Army, MIT Technology Review
- The Shady Marketing Scheme That’s Buying Off Your Favorite Bloggers, Hamilton Nolan, Gawker
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